While sea surface temperature warming was observed in most of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, and the Western Pacific Ocean, the Central Tropical and the Eastern Pacific Ocean exhibited a cooling trend.

Given the energy accumulation in the climate system under increased greenhouse forcing, why hasn't the Southern Ocean warmed?

A new ocean ‘reanalysis’ shows, although there are uncertainties over what might happen in the short term, the longer-term view is that a weakening of the circulation in the 21^st century is still very likely as a result of increasing greenhouse gases.

ENSO's response to greenhouse warming has challenged scientists for decades, despite model agreement on projected mean state changes. Recent studies have provided new insights into the elusive links between ENSO and Pacific climate mean-state changes.

The influence on ENSO's life cycle via equatorward WBC transport, the longevity of SST anomalies and strong advection transport of warm water by the Kuroshio Current, the considerable impact on Asian Monsoon via anomalous heat content exerted by the North Pacific WBCs, all have substantial climate impacts locally and globally.

Highlight of a recent paper by Newman et al. (2016), The Pacific decadal oscillation, revisited, Journal of Climate, in press.

In order to increase our ability to predict climate and develop mitigation strategies, it is an imperative to track Earth's Energy Imbalance (EEI).

Annual Review of Marine Science latest volume in 2016 is available online. The review papers with particular focus on CLIVAR's main themes.

Of all the major coastal upwelling systems in the World’s ocean, the Benguela, located off south-west Africa, is the one which climate models find hardest to simulate well. Small et al. investigates the sensitivity of a climate model in this region

Global warming drives changes in the salinity and temperature of the ocean interior via modified air-sea fluxes of heat, freshwater and momentum. Lago et al. study tries to elucidate how the knowledge of surface changes impact on the interior of the ocean over a long timescale.