In the tropical Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, easterly trade winds prevail and upwelling occurs in the eastern equatorial basin. In contrast, the Indian Ocean is subject to intense seasonally reversing monsoon wind forcing, and the annual mean prevailing winds in the equatorial basin. This provides unique features of interannual variability of the upwelling in the tropical Indian Ocean.

ENSO in the Pacific Ocean has major worldwide social and economic consequences through its global scale effects on atmospheric and oceanic circulation, marine and terrestrial ecosystems, and other natural systems. Ongoing climate change is projected to significantly alter ENSO’s dynamics and impacts.

The paper uses an unprecedented ensemble of regional climate model (RCM) projections over seven regional CORDEX domains to provide, for the first time, an RCM based global view of monsoon changes at various levels of increased greenhouse gas (GHG) forcing.

The ‘butterfly effect’ is used by climate scientists to refer to an infinitesimal random perturbation to an identical initial condition (for example, in surface temperatures) causing drastically different trajectories. A recent study published in Nature (Cai et al.

Climate models are core tools for understanding the mechanisms underlying climate change and making long-term and short-term predictions.

A new article was published in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society that reviews the current knowledge on detection, attribution and projection of global and regional monsoons (South Asian, East Asian, Australian, South American, North American, and African) under climate change. 

The writing team of the decadal Indian Ocean Observing System review has recently published a research article on the BAMS titled ‘A roadmap to IndOOS-2: Better observations of the rapidly-warming Indian ocean’, by presenting the core findings from the IndOOS review. 

A new framework for global ocean-sea-ice model simulations based on phase 2 of the Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP-2), was presented recently by CLIVAR Ocean Model Development Panel (OMDP) and other ocean model communities.

An assessment of the Indian Ocean mean state and seasonal cycle in a suite of interannual CORE-II global ocean–sea-ice model simulations is presented.

From 7-9 May 2019, 90 observational and modeling experts met in Boulder CO, USA to review and document progress, identify outstanding issues, and propose approaches for future integrated process studies in atmospheric convection and air-sea interactions over the tropical oceans, over a broad range of spatio-temporal scales.